Reasonable Doubt

A standard of proof that must be surpassed to convict an accused in a criminal proceeding.

Reasonable doubt is a standard of proof used in criminal trials. When a criminal defendant is prosecuted, the prosecutor must prove the defendant's guilt Beyond a Reasonable Doubt. If the jury—or the judge in a bench trial—has a reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt, the jury or judge should pronounce the defendant not guilty. Conversely, if the jurors or judge have no doubt as to the defendant's guilt, or if their only doubts are unreasonable doubts, then the prosecutor has proven the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and the defendant should be pronounced guilty.

Autodesk autocad 2013 download. Reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof used in court. In civil litigation the standard of proof is either proof by a preponderance of the evidence or proof by clear and convincing evidence. These are lower burdens of proof. A preponderance of the evidence simply means that one side has more evidence in its favor than the other, even by the smallest degree. Clear and convincing evidence is evidence that establishes a high probability that the fact sought to be proved is true. The main reason that the high proof standard of reasonable doubt is used in criminal trials is that criminal trials can result in the deprivation of a defendant's liberty or in the defendant's death, outcomes far more severe than occur in civil trials where money damages are the common remedy.

Reasonable doubt is required in criminal proceedings under the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In in re winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the highest standard of proof is grounded on 'a fundamental value determination of our society that it is far worse to convict an innocent man than to let a guilty man go free.'

The reasonable doubt standard is not used in every stage of a criminal prosecution. The prosecution and defense need not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that every piece of evidence offered into trial is authentic and relevant. If a prosecutor or defendant objects to a piece of evidence, the objecting party must come forward with evidence showing that the disputed evidence should be excluded from trial. Then the trial judge decides to admit or exclude it based on a preponderance of the evidence presented. A similar procedure employing a preponderance standard is used when a party challenges a variety of evidence, such as coerced confessions, illegally seized evidence, and statements extracted without the furnishing of the so-called Miranda warning.

The reasonable doubt standard is inapplicable to still other phases of a criminal prosecution. Lower standards of proof are permissible in Parole revocation proceedings, proceedings to revoke Probation, and prison inmate disciplinary proceedings.

Further readings

Boyce, Ronald N., and Rollin M. Perkins. 1999. Criminal Law and Procedure. New York: Foundation Press.

Devitt, Edward James, and Charles B. Blackmar. 1977. Federal Jury Practice and Instructions. 3d ed. Dhoom 3 full movie online. Vol. 1.

Cross-references

Beyond a Reasonable Doubt; Clear and Convincing Proof; Criminal Law; Criminal Procedure; Due Process of Law; Preponderance of Evidence.

15 Songs, 59 Minutes

EDITORS’ NOTES

As sleek as the leather interior of a luxury Lexus sedan, Reasonable Doubt enacts the glamorous dreams of every young rapper with the cool demeanor and acumen of Don Corleone. Age 27 when his debut was released, Jay-Z was much older than most rappers releasing a debut album and the depth of his life experience brings a gravitas to Reasonable Doubt that few rappers could achieve in 1996. “Regrets” is a song of a man re-examining his past, not grabbing at the flash of the future. But unlike the wizened admonishments of a rapper like Scarface (whose influence looms large on Reasonable Doubt), Jay-Z would never sound younger than he does here. He had spent years honing his rhyme craft, and he moves through every song with swiftness and self-assurance. Listening to him is like watching a rookie point guard slip past veteran giants. Reasonable Doubt is the one album Jay-Z created before having to contend with multi-platinum pressures and superstar responsibilities. It remains his most consistent album because it was the only time Jigga made no compromises. The young rapper had been waiting 27 years to tell this story, and there isn’t a measure misplaced.

EDITORS’ NOTES

As sleek as the leather interior of a luxury Lexus sedan, Reasonable Doubt enacts the glamorous dreams of every young rapper with the cool demeanor and acumen of Don Corleone. Age 27 when his debut was released, Jay-Z was much older than most rappers releasing a debut album and the depth of his life experience brings a gravitas to Reasonable Doubt that few rappers could achieve in 1996. “Regrets” is a song of a man re-examining his past, not grabbing at the flash of the future. But unlike the wizened admonishments of a rapper like Scarface (whose influence looms large on Reasonable Doubt), Jay-Z would never sound younger than he does here. He had spent years honing his rhyme craft, and he moves through every song with swiftness and self-assurance. Listening to him is like watching a rookie point guard slip past veteran giants. Reasonable Doubt is the one album Jay-Z created before having to contend with multi-platinum pressures and superstar responsibilities. It remains his most consistent album because it was the only time Jigga made no compromises. The young rapper had been waiting 27 years to tell this story, and there isn’t a measure misplaced.

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• 15 Songs, 59 Minutes
• Released: Jun 25, 1996
• ℗ 1996 Roc-a-fella

Ratings and Reviews

Top 10 best albums of all time.

ladies and gentlemen, this is Jay-Z's BEST WORK. His lyrical talent is way too complex for the amateur Hip-Hop listeners. Who ever has NOT listened to this cd yet, raise your right hand, turn it sideways, and smack yourself in the face now because this is one of the best Hip-Hop albums ever created. The theme of this whole album is so intense that the album feels very much alive once you listen to it. It's basically about the hustler's ambition in the mid 90's. Some key tracks that I give 10/10 are Track 1: Can't knock The Hustle, Track 4: Dead Presidents 2, Track 5: Feelin' It, Track 8: Can I live (My favorite song off this album), Track 14: Regrets. The freestyles from Track 3: Brooklyn's Finest, with The Notorious B.I.G. is fire and Track: 7: 22 Two's is fire as well. If you are on the down side, Jay-Z is really deep with Can I live and Regrets, both are very deep lyrically. Listen to this album, I garauntee you will not regret it. Also try, Nas- It Was Written album, both albums sound similiar, track by track is fire.

THE classic

Reasonable Doubt proudly stands as one of the 4 greatest hip-hop albums - next to illmatic, life after death, and all eyez on me. i got it on cd but bought it again here because it is so good
another thing anyone who has a problem with itunes service (like if an album is released late or doesnt have explicit tags) DONT RATE THE ALBUM ONE STAR! RATE THE MUSIC - NOT THE SERVICE! givin albums like this one star is a disgrace

Sub Chiu

this person is so stupid. they gave one of the best rap albums of all time 1 star cuz of no explicit labels. click yes if u think this person should be slapped.